Hedge-Light

Keeper of the Flame by Daniel Cassity

Hedge-Light

This firefly is all a lie –
He has no flame in him !
The light that’s seen
Is cold and green –
And most of all, so dim !
Flashing out his Morse,
Of course,
To bring the ladies in.
At least he does emit a bit,
And pimps his abdomin –
Unlike the many lads in other species,
Where the dads
Leave all the glow-up to the dames.
And some have given up entirely,
Never even slightly fiery,
In defiance of their names.
I guess he’s earned the term,
When he’s been sparking since a glowworm,
Putting-on a show.
But boy, he’s still a slacker,
More a squib than fire-cracker –
Just a pin-prick in the black,
Who’s turned his wattage way down low.
Or maybe it was all because his loneliness
Was all a sign –
A cry of fading prominence,
A dwindling from the present tense,
His species in decline ?
They used to fly so thick, so dense –
And even now, beside the fence,
They sometimes congregate and look so fine !
Alone, he hardly glorifies –
But when the fireflies fill the skies,
That’s when they really shine !

Sting

Four of Diamonds by Tony Meeuwissen

Sting

The hornet laid her sting in my leg,
Injected her toxic egg –
Her ovipositor dripping with yolk,
As if to joke how childbirth hurts.
The pain began in rapid pangs and spurts,
But at least, I said in spite,
At least it’s just a sting, this thing,
And not a hatching parasite…

Dancing Gnats

Photo by Denniz Futalan on Pexels.com

Dancing Gnats

Time is short, perhaps a month or two,
Since they were just an egg –
But now the gnats must boogaloo,
To swarm a wing and shake a leg.
They gather round a random patch of air
Just as the eve’ning falls –
And jink and jive until they pair,
Attending countless black-fly balls.
If love is on the cards for them tonight,
It leaves them out of breath –
Exhausted from their swaggered flight,
Too soon they’ve danced themselves to death.

Quad-Ops

I found this image on the following Facebook page, which itself appears to have taken illustrations from A Novel Vertebrate Eye Using Both Refractive and Reflective Optics

Quad-Ops

Spiders have eight, and box-jellies twenty-four,
Scallops have hundreds, and dragonflies thousands,
And digital cameras even more !
But vertebrates make do with two,
Plus the odd ocelli peeping-through –
But only a couple of retinas –
A pair of light-bucket dishes –
Well, except for a few strange fishes !
And I don’t mean the four-eyed anableps,
Who see through both the water and air,
And focus the light through diff’rent steps
But onto the same old patch of cells,
That parallels the ones we chordates share.
No, I mean the brownsnout spookfish –
They may not look as swish as barreleyes,
Until we realise that here may be
The ancestor of a whole new tree
Of multi-looking vertebrates to arise –
That one day may just populate
The future Earth with their future eyes.

Adderbolts

Photo by Egor Kamelev on Pexels.com

Adderbolts

OED first citation for dragonfly: 1626

Where were the darts of Galilee ?
And the damsels of the Rubicon ?
Was Runnymede so needle-free,
Or the Athens Woods of Oberon ?
So where are all the dragonflies ?
There’s not a word in tale or scroll –
The Greeks and Romans closed their eyes,
The monks and knights ignored them whole.

It took the new Enlightenment
To even notice them at last –
And then Romantics sought intent
In Nature bold and wild and vast –
Till Art Nouveau, which gave them wings
That keeps them soaring till this day –
As wardens of eternal springs,
Where dreamy Summers while away.

So where were the dragonflies of Hermes ?
Why no mention in the myths ?
Why did Freya not claim these flurries,
Crafted by the finest smiths ?
Perhaps the Bible’s just too dry
For water-sprites as story-tools,
But rainy Europe shouldn’t shy
To catch the eye with flying jewels.

Transforming in among the reeds,
A lit’ral metamorphosis –
The fey-folk surely rode these steeds ?,
Yet Brigid never knew such bliss.
Shouldn’t the Devil have taken hold ?,
Or gargoyles, say, or heraldry ?
Yet where were the dragonflies of old ?,
Who chirped and danced for nobody.

‘Adderbolt’ is the only earlier name for them that I couold find, and this only dates from 1483, according to the OED, and ‘Devil’s darning needle’ is only from 1809.

And finally, the image below is from a poster which looks reminiscent of others advertising the various Art Nouveau exhibitions at places like the V&A.cHowever, I cannot find out anything else about this particular image, and if it is even an original by William Morris.  I hope it isn’t AI…

Blighty Bugs

Photo by Ahmed Aqtai on Pexels.com

Blighty-Bugs

A butterfly house is a curious series of rooms –
A bit like a tropical farm,
Where exotic moths can dine on exotic blooms,
With wingspans as wide as my palm.
Or so I had hoped – but this was no Forest of Arden –
Or jungle of scent-heavy petals –
But flitting about were familiar sights from the garden,
And all that was growing were nettles.
It turned out they mastered in only British varieties,
Tortoiseshells, coppers, and whites.
Pretty, but small – the kind that give gard’ners anxieties,
Or taken-for-granted delights.
Oh sure, the elephant-hawks are impressive as caterpills,
Stripping the fuchsia to shreds,
But overall, any good hedgerow holds similar thrills,
Without the need of these sheds.
Although, as a lifelong dweller of chalky downs,
And the home-strip lads that brings.
It was good to see some strangers from limestone towns
With a Northern brogue to their wings.
So yeah, I guess I enjoyed them in concentration,
A blaze about the flowers –
And proof that beauty can still exist in our nation –
Because all of these ones are ours !

Of course, I have mused on butterflies numerous times before, but after writing this I decided to put my prose where my poetry was:

I asked a few AIs for a plan to build such a self-sustaining glasshouse, with a list of the fewest number of native plants ?  Here is the consensus:

Firstly, a fair spread of readily-available lepids:

TypeNameFlying Season
WhitesLarge (Cabbage) WhiteApr-Ocy
Green-Veined WhiteApr-Sep
YellowsOrange-TipApr-May
Clouded YellowMay-Oct
BluesCommon BlueMay-Sep
Small CopperApr-Oct
BrownsMeadow BrownJun-Sep
Speckled WoodMar-Oct
GatekeeperJul-Aug
Duke of BurgundyApr-Jun
Brush-Footed Small TortoiseshellMar-Oct
Red AdmiralMar-Nov
CommaApr-Oct
PeacockMar-Nov
Skippers Large Skipper Jun-Jul
Day-Flying MothsSix-Spotted BurnetJun-Aug
White Ermine (woolly caterpillars!)May-Jul
Hawk-MothsHummingbird Hawk-Moth (giant caterpillars!)Jun-Sep
Other possibilities: YellowsBrimstoneMar-Oct
Blues Small BlueMay-Jun
BrownsWallApr-Sep
RingletJun-Aug
HairstreaksGreen HairstreakApr-Jun

The months listed above are for topical outdoor activity, so may be extended indoors with earlier Springtime starts and possibly a second or third brood. If the glasshouse is insulated but not heated (except to keep it above 5°C through the Winter), this will mean that not all of these species can be self-sustaining, as some of them migrate (Clouded Yellow, Hummingbird Hawk-Moth), and fresh stocks will need to be brought in each Spring (this is something all butterfly houses need to do).  I can see making use of an ornate pupilarium with windows to watch them ‘hatch’.  We will also have some structural little brick towers around to provide dry pupation sites.

A few other species to consider include the Small Blue, the Wall, the Ringlet, the Green Hairstreak, and above all the Brimstone.  However, the Small Blue will require its own special food source, the kidney vetch, while the Brimstone needs a common buckthorn.  This latter plant is especially a problem in a glasshouse, as it is a large shrub, though it can ber coppiced.  (By the way, I call it a glasshouse instead of a grweenhouse to emphesise that it will be considerably larger than the things found at the bottom of the garden for growing tomatoes in.)

Another reason for being cagey about including the Brimstone (despite it possibly being the very lepid that gave us the word butter-fly) is that they aren’t so common anymore, and we certainly don’t want to be messing-around with anything endangered…

But since aphids and mildew are inevitable, I decided to also include the following ladybirds:

2-Spot
7-Spot
22-Spot (though this one might be trickier to source, but should be able to make a good mildew-munching colony in the honeysuckle)

So, the plants need to be robust, and able to regrow quickly after heavy defoliation by caterpillars, while also provide nectar for the butterflies/moths for the entire time they are flying.  Indeed, I wanted to make sure that there were two different nectar sources incase of any issues, though I held off doing the same foe feed plants, as a lack of food will be an important population control.  Here’s the answer I got:

PlantLarval Host ForAdult Nectar ForBlooms
Sheep’s Sorrel
(Rumex acetosella) –
Shoots out rhizomes, so keep it in pots.
Small CopperNone(Mar-Nov)
Cock’s-Foot Grass
(Dactylis glomerata)
Meadow Brown
Speckled Wood
Large Skipper
None(May-Jul)
False Brome Grass
(Brachypodium sylvaticum)
Speckled WoodNone(May-Jul)
Red Fescue Grass
(Festuca rubra)
Meadow Brown
Gatekeeper
None(May-Jul)
Garlic Mustard
(Alliaria petiolata) –
Can be an aggressive spreader, so keep it in pots.
Large White
Green-Veined White
Orange-Tip
Large White
Green-Veined White
Orange-Tip
Apr-May
Stinging Nettle
(Urtica dioica) –
Unavoidable, but we can use a dwarf variety and keep it out-of-the-way.
Small Tortoiseshell
Red Admiral
Comma
Peacock
White Ermine
Small Copper
White Ermine
(Jun-Sep)
Bird’s-foot Trefoil
(Lotus corniculatus)
Clouded Yellow
Common Blue
Six-Spot Burnet
Clouded Yellow
Orange Tip
Common Blue
Six-Spot Burnet
Jun-Sep
Lady’s Bedstraw
(Galium verum)
Hummingbird Hawk-MothSmall Tortoiseshell
Hummingbird Hawk-Moth
Jun-Sep
Common Ivy
(Hedera helix)
Overwinter site:
Comma
Small Tortoiseshell
Red Admiral
Peacock
Large White
Green-Veined White
Small Copper Small Tortoiseshell
Red Admiral
Comma
Hummingbird Hawk-Moth
Oct-Nov
Primrose
(Primula vulgaris)
Duke of Burgundy –
(luckily after the blooming season)
Speckled Wood
Orange Tip
Gatekeeper
Duke of Burgundy
Small Tortoiseshell
Red Admiral
Comma
Peacock
Ladybirds
Feb-May
Sweet Violet
(Viola odorata)
NoneSpeckled Wood
Small Copper
Duke of Burgundy
Small Tortoiseshell
Peacock
Feb-May
Wood Spurge
(Euphorbia amygdaloides)
NoneDuke of Burgundy
Ladybirds – they need early-Spring nectar before aphid numbers rise.
Apr-Jun
Forget-Me-Not
(Myosotis arvensis)
Definitely a spreader, but not a bully, and after flowering it shrinks into the background.
NoneOrange Tip
Small Copper
Duke of Burgundy
Small Tortoiseshell
Red Admiral
Peacock
Comma
Apr-Jun
Red Campion
(Silene dioica)
NoneLarge White
Duke of Burgundy
May-Sep
Knapweed
(Centaurea nigra)
NoneLarge White
Green-Veined White
Large Skipper
Six-Spot Burnet
Ladybirds
Jun-Sep
Wild Thyme
(Thymus serpyllum)
NoneCommon Blue
Small Copper
Duke of Burgundy
Small Tortoiseshell
Large Skipper
Ladybirds
Jun-Sep
Musk Mallow
(Malva moschata)
NoneLarge White
Green-Veined White
Gatekeeper
Small Tortoiseshell
Red Admiral
Jun-Sep
Wild Marjoram
(Origanum vulgare)
NoneCommon Blue
Small Copper
Meadow Brown
Gatekeeper
Small Tortoiseshell
Large Skipper
Six-Spot burnet
White Ermine
Ladybirds
Jun-Sep
Devil’s-bit Scabious
(Succisa pratensis)
NoneCommon Blue
Meadow Brown
Six-Spot Burnet
Ladybirds
Jul-Oct
Common Honeysuckle
(Lonicera periclymenum) –
Let’s find a late-blooming variety.
NoneHummingbird Hawk-Moth
22-Spot Ladybird – (mildew)
Jun-Sep
Oct (some varieties)

Larviform Females

Trilobite beetles, showing the adult male (l) and adult female (r)

Larviform Females

Larviforms are ladies who remain forever young –
As they climb-up through the instars but won’t reach the highest rung.
So they stay as grubs or maggots or as caterpillar bags,
Where these slow and wingless-women are such lazy lallygags.
Most will still pupate, but then emerge as they went in –
Or at least upon the outside, though their innards had a spin.
So they still have genes for adult-forms they’ll never get to wear,
But they do tend to be larger than the chaps, so plusses there.
I guess it works for them, as long as blokes can come and find them,
And they get on with the job that evolution has assigned them.
So they’ll never get to fly, but still their shells are looking smart –
Perhaps larviforms are ladies who are just big kids at heart.

Larviforms are a kind of neoteny, which I’ve discussed before.

Soil Savants

Photo by Chris F on Pexels.com

Soil Savants

Slime moulds lack brains
But still can get around –
Navigating maps and mazes,
Simple cells yet going places !
Building networks for our trains,
With tunnels through the ground –
Their tendrils stretch and seek and probe,
Across the petri-dish and globe.

Parasites

Photo by Macro Photography on Pexels.com

Parasites

Out there in the wood
Is the old oak tree,
Just lapping-up the sunshine,
All of it for free.
But there in its branches,
There lies the mistletoe,
Just sucking-up the sap
Of its clueless host below.
And there on this shrub
Is a little caterpillar,
That’s munching on the leaves
Like a cute and stealthy killer.
And inside of the bug there lurks
The grubling of a wasp,
As it chews-through the organs,
Squatting like a boss.
But inside the grubling
Is another, smaller maggot
Of a teeny-tiny wasplet
That will wear it like a jacket,
And inside of the maggot
Is a nematody worm,
And further inside that
There is a microscopic germ…
So they each are chowing-down,
And they each are getting fatter,
Till they burst-out of the body,
That they leave in such a tatter.
But the enemies of enemies
Don’t turn-out to be friends agen –
Just ask the plague that bit the fleas,
Then bit the rats, then bit the men…

Salty Moulters

Salty Moulters

Sea monkeys aren’t monkeys,
Never will they be –
They don’t live in the trees
And they don’t live in the sea.
These brine shrimps are no chimps,
They’re bugs with jointed limbs –
Such fascinating little imps,
Or tiny specks who swim.
There’s plenty fun invertebrates,
But these are pretty scant –
If you want pets that resonate,
You’re better off with ants.
Funky, shrunky monkeys,
Who are oh-so very wee –
They’re glorious, but also junk,
As dinky as a flea.