This firefly is all a lie – He has no flame in him ! The light that’s seen Is cold and green – And most of all, so dim ! Flashing out his Morse, Of course, To bring the ladies in. At least he does emit a bit, And pimps his abdomin – Unlike the many lads in other species, Where the dads Leave all the glow-up to the dames. And some have given up entirely, Never even slightly fiery, In defiance of their names. I guess he’s earned the term, When he’s been sparking since a glowworm, Putting-on a show. But boy, he’s still a slacker, More a squib than fire-cracker – Just a pin-prick in the black, Who’s turned his wattage way down low. Or maybe it was all because his loneliness Was all a sign – A cry of fading prominence, A dwindling from the present tense, His species in decline ? They used to fly so thick, so dense – And even now, beside the fence, They sometimes congregate and look so fine ! Alone, he hardly glorifies – But when the fireflies fill the skies, That’s when they really shine !
The hornet laid her sting in my leg, Injected her toxic egg – Her ovipositor dripping with yolk, As if to joke how childbirth hurts. The pain began in rapid pangs and spurts, But at least, I said in spite, At least it’s just a sting, this thing, And not a hatching parasite…
Time is short, perhaps a month or two, Since they were just an egg – But now the gnats must boogaloo, To swarm a wing and shake a leg. They gather round a random patch of air Just as the eve’ning falls – And jink and jive until they pair, Attending countless black-fly balls. If love is on the cards for them tonight, It leaves them out of breath – Exhausted from their swaggered flight, Too soon they’ve danced themselves to death.
Spiders have eight, and box-jellies twenty-four, Scallops have hundreds, and dragonflies thousands, And digital cameras even more ! But vertebrates make do with two, Plus the odd ocelli peeping-through – But only a couple of retinas – A pair of light-bucket dishes – Well, except for a few strange fishes ! And I don’t mean the four-eyed anableps, Who see through both the water and air, And focus the light through diff’rent steps But onto the same old patch of cells, That parallels the ones we chordates share. No, I mean the brownsnout spookfish – They may not look as swish as barreleyes, Until we realise that here may be The ancestor of a whole new tree Of multi-looking vertebrates to arise – That one day may just populate The future Earth with their future eyes.
Where were the darts of Galilee ? And the damsels of the Rubicon ? Was Runnymede so needle-free, Or the Athens Woods of Oberon ? So where are all the dragonflies ? There’s not a word in tale or scroll – The Greeks and Romans closed their eyes, The monks and knights ignored them whole.
It took the new Enlightenment To even notice them at last – And then Romantics sought intent In Nature bold and wild and vast – Till Art Nouveau, which gave them wings That keeps them soaring till this day – As wardens of eternal springs, Where dreamy Summers while away.
So where were the dragonflies of Hermes ? Why no mention in the myths ? Why did Freya not claim these flurries, Crafted by the finest smiths ? Perhaps the Bible’s just too dry For water-sprites as story-tools, But rainy Europe shouldn’t shy To catch the eye with flying jewels.
Transforming in among the reeds, A lit’ral metamorphosis – The fey-folk surely rode these steeds ?, Yet Brigid never knew such bliss. Shouldn’t the Devil have taken hold ?, Or gargoyles, say, or heraldry ? Yet where were the dragonflies of old ?, Who chirped and danced for nobody.
‘Adderbolt’ is the only earlier name for them that I couold find, and this only dates from 1483, according to the OED, and ‘Devil’s darning needle’ is only from 1809.
And finally, the image below is from a poster which looks reminiscent of others advertising the various Art Nouveau exhibitions at places like the V&A.cHowever, I cannot find out anything else about this particular image, and if it is even an original by William Morris. I hope it isn’t AI…
A butterfly house is a curious series of rooms – A bit like a tropical farm, Where exotic moths can dine on exotic blooms, With wingspans as wide as my palm. Or so I had hoped – but this was no Forest of Arden – Or jungle of scent-heavy petals – But flitting about were familiar sights from the garden, And all that was growing were nettles. It turned out they mastered in only British varieties, Tortoiseshells, coppers, and whites. Pretty, but small – the kind that give gard’ners anxieties, Or taken-for-granted delights. Oh sure, the elephant-hawks are impressive as caterpills, Stripping the fuchsia to shreds, But overall, any good hedgerow holds similar thrills, Without the need of these sheds. Although, as a lifelong dweller of chalky downs, And the home-strip lads that brings. It was good to see some strangers from limestone towns With a Northern brogue to their wings. So yeah, I guess I enjoyed them in concentration, A blaze about the flowers – And proof that beauty can still exist in our nation – Because all of these ones are ours !
I asked a few AIs for a plan to build such a self-sustaining glasshouse, with a list of the fewest number of native plants ? Here is the consensus:
Firstly, a fair spread of readily-available lepids:
Type
Name
Flying Season
Whites
Large (Cabbage) White
Apr-Ocy
Green-Veined White
Apr-Sep
Yellows
Orange-Tip
Apr-May
Clouded Yellow
May-Oct
Blues
Common Blue
May-Sep
Small Copper
Apr-Oct
Browns
Meadow Brown
Jun-Sep
Speckled Wood
Mar-Oct
Gatekeeper
Jul-Aug
Duke of Burgundy
Apr-Jun
Brush-Footed
Small Tortoiseshell
Mar-Oct
Red Admiral
Mar-Nov
Comma
Apr-Oct
Peacock
Mar-Nov
Skippers
Large Skipper
Jun-Jul
Day-Flying Moths
Six-Spotted Burnet
Jun-Aug
White Ermine(woolly caterpillars!)
May-Jul
Hawk-Moths
Hummingbird Hawk-Moth (giant caterpillars!)
Jun-Sep
Other possibilities: Yellows
Brimstone
Mar-Oct
Blues
Small Blue
May-Jun
Browns
Wall
Apr-Sep
Ringlet
Jun-Aug
Hairstreaks
Green Hairstreak
Apr-Jun
The months listed above are for topical outdoor activity, so may be extended indoors with earlier Springtime starts and possibly a second or third brood. If the glasshouse is insulated but not heated (except to keep it above 5°C through the Winter), this will mean that not all of these species can be self-sustaining, as some of them migrate (Clouded Yellow, Hummingbird Hawk-Moth), and fresh stocks will need to be brought in each Spring (this is something all butterfly houses need to do). I can see making use of an ornate pupilarium with windows to watch them ‘hatch’. We will also have some structural little brick towers around to provide dry pupation sites.
A few other species to consider include the Small Blue, the Wall, the Ringlet, the Green Hairstreak, and above all the Brimstone. However, the Small Blue will require its own special food source, the kidney vetch, while the Brimstone needs a common buckthorn. This latter plant is especially a problem in a glasshouse, as it is a large shrub, though it can ber coppiced. (By the way, I call it a glasshouse instead of a grweenhouse to emphesise that it will be considerably larger than the things found at the bottom of the garden for growing tomatoes in.)
Another reason for being cagey about including the Brimstone (despite it possibly being the very lepid that gave us the word butter-fly) is that they aren’t so common anymore, and we certainly don’t want to be messing-around with anything endangered…
But since aphids and mildew are inevitable, I decided to also include the following ladybirds:
2-Spot 7-Spot 22-Spot (though this one might be trickier to source, but should be able to make a good mildew-munching colony in the honeysuckle)
So, the plants need to be robust, and able to regrow quickly after heavy defoliation by caterpillars, while also provide nectar for the butterflies/moths for the entire time they are flying. Indeed, I wanted to make sure that there were two different nectar sources incase of any issues, though I held off doing the same foe feed plants, as a lack of food will be an important population control. Here’s the answer I got:
Plant
Larval Host For
Adult Nectar For
Blooms
Sheep’s Sorrel (Rumex acetosella) – Shoots out rhizomes, so keep it in pots.
Small Copper
None
(Mar-Nov)
Cock’s-Foot Grass (Dactylis glomerata)
Meadow Brown Speckled Wood Large Skipper
None
(May-Jul)
False Brome Grass (Brachypodium sylvaticum)
Speckled Wood
None
(May-Jul)
Red Fescue Grass (Festuca rubra)
Meadow Brown Gatekeeper
None
(May-Jul)
Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) – Can be an aggressive spreader, so keep it in pots.
Large White Green-Veined White Orange-Tip
Large White Green-Veined White Orange-Tip
Apr-May
Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica) – Unavoidable, but we can use a dwarf variety and keep it out-of-the-way.
Small Tortoiseshell Red Admiral Comma Peacock White Ermine
Small Copper White Ermine
(Jun-Sep)
Bird’s-foot Trefoil (Lotus corniculatus)
Clouded Yellow Common Blue Six-Spot Burnet
Clouded Yellow Orange Tip Common Blue Six-Spot Burnet
Jun-Sep
Lady’s Bedstraw (Galium verum)
Hummingbird Hawk-Moth
Small Tortoiseshell Hummingbird Hawk-Moth
Jun-Sep
Common Ivy (Hedera helix)
Overwinter site: Comma Small Tortoiseshell Red Admiral Peacock
Large White Green-Veined White Small Copper Small Tortoiseshell Red Admiral Comma Hummingbird Hawk-Moth
Oct-Nov
Primrose (Primula vulgaris)
Duke of Burgundy – (luckily after the blooming season)
Speckled Wood Orange Tip Gatekeeper Duke of Burgundy Small Tortoiseshell Red Admiral Comma Peacock Ladybirds
Feb-May
Sweet Violet (Viola odorata)
None
Speckled Wood Small Copper Duke of Burgundy Small Tortoiseshell Peacock
Feb-May
Wood Spurge (Euphorbia amygdaloides)
None
Duke of Burgundy Ladybirds – they need early-Spring nectar before aphid numbers rise.
Apr-Jun
Forget-Me-Not (Myosotis arvensis) – Definitely a spreader, but not a bully, and after flowering it shrinks into the background.
None
Orange Tip Small Copper Duke of Burgundy Small Tortoiseshell Red Admiral Peacock Comma
Apr-Jun
Red Campion (Silene dioica)
None
Large White Duke of Burgundy
May-Sep
Knapweed (Centaurea nigra)
None
Large White Green-Veined White Large Skipper Six-Spot Burnet Ladybirds
Jun-Sep
Wild Thyme (Thymus serpyllum)
None
Common Blue Small Copper Duke of Burgundy Small Tortoiseshell Large Skipper Ladybirds
Jun-Sep
Musk Mallow (Malva moschata)
None
Large White Green-Veined White Gatekeeper Small Tortoiseshell Red Admiral
Jun-Sep
Wild Marjoram (Origanum vulgare)
None
Common Blue Small Copper Meadow Brown Gatekeeper Small Tortoiseshell Large Skipper Six-Spot burnet White Ermine Ladybirds
Jun-Sep
Devil’s-bit Scabious (Succisa pratensis)
None
Common Blue Meadow Brown Six-Spot Burnet Ladybirds
Jul-Oct
Common Honeysuckle (Lonicera periclymenum) – Let’s find a late-blooming variety.
Trilobite beetles, showing the adult male (l) and adult female (r)
Larviform Females
Larviforms are ladies who remain forever young – As they climb-up through the instars but won’t reach the highest rung. So they stay as grubs or maggots or as caterpillar bags, Where these slow and wingless-women are such lazy lallygags. Most will still pupate, but then emerge as they went in – Or at least upon the outside, though their innards had a spin. So they still have genes for adult-forms they’ll never get to wear, But they do tend to be larger than the chaps, so plusses there. I guess it works for them, as long as blokes can come and find them, And they get on with the job that evolution has assigned them. So they’ll never get to fly, but still their shells are looking smart – Perhaps larviforms are ladies who are just big kids at heart.
Larviforms are a kind of neoteny, which I’ve discussed before.
Slime moulds lack brains But still can get around – Navigating maps and mazes, Simple cells yet going places ! Building networks for our trains, With tunnels through the ground – Their tendrils stretch and seek and probe, Across the petri-dish and globe.
Out there in the wood Is the old oak tree, Just lapping-up the sunshine, All of it for free. But there in its branches, There lies the mistletoe, Just sucking-up the sap Of its clueless host below. And there on this shrub Is a little caterpillar, That’s munching on the leaves Like a cute and stealthy killer. And inside of the bug there lurks The grubling of a wasp, As it chews-through the organs, Squatting like a boss. But inside the grubling Is another, smaller maggot Of a teeny-tiny wasplet That will wear it like a jacket, And inside of the maggot Is a nematody worm, And further inside that There is a microscopic germ… So they each are chowing-down, And they each are getting fatter, Till they burst-out of the body, That they leave in such a tatter. But the enemies of enemies Don’t turn-out to be friends agen – Just ask the plague that bit the fleas, Then bit the rats, then bit the men…
Sea monkeys aren’t monkeys, Never will they be – They don’t live in the trees And they don’t live in the sea. These brine shrimps are no chimps, They’re bugs with jointed limbs – Such fascinating little imps, Or tiny specks who swim. There’s plenty fun invertebrates, But these are pretty scant – If you want pets that resonate, You’re better off with ants. Funky, shrunky monkeys, Who are oh-so very wee – They’re glorious, but also junk, As dinky as a flea.